RADIODecember 13, 2024

Are the New Jersey Drones RECREATIONS of Alien Spacecraft?

Everyone is watching the skies in New Jersey after tons of mysterious large drone sightings. But the government either can’t verify them or is refusing to. So, what’s going on here? Glenn’s head researcher & former Dept. of Defense intelligence analyst Jason Buttrill joins to explain one theory: These are U.S. military recreations of UFO craft. While countries like Russia have gone “all in” on hypersonic weapons, why has the U.S. not? Is it because we have something better? And does this explain why the Pentagon has confirmed UFO sightings and why experts have testified to Congress that the U.S. government is “reproducing” or reverse-engineering alien spacecraft? Or is this all just a psy-op?

Transcript

Below is a rush transcript that may contain errors

GLENN: Okay. So Jason Buttrill is our head researcher for the show.

And head writer for TV. And -- and also, former military intelligence.

I wanted you to come on, because I wanted you to explain, the reverse engineering, that these drones may be.

Because Stu and I were talking earlier today.

Like in the last five years. The New York Times printed, UFOs are real. And we were like, wait what?

And nobody paid attention to it. Well, UFOs are real, but we're not really sure.

Well, we're not really sure. But we have pieces have UFOs. That are definitely otherworldly.

Huh. And then there was testimony after testimony. And the latest testimony was, they're real.

Well, they may not be real.

But we do have devices that don't come from this world.

And we're trying to reengineer. Because China and Russia and everything else is trying to reverse design these things.

And you're like, my -- my head is going to explode.

So what do you think is -- because all of this could be misdirection.

What -- tell me the reverse engineering thing. And do you believe that?

JASON: Okay. That's a loaded question. It's kind of like when Michael Shellenberger, just testified at the UAP, you know, thing in front of Congress. Where he was like -- he was the one extremely brutally honest person. Said, look, these things are real, I don't know they come from.

I don't know where they come from.

I will say, that the last time, the UFO phenomenon has been brought out so much, especially as kind of a cover for what the government was doing, was the stealth program.

Exactly, the B2. All that tech.

There was story after story after story of the government encouraging UFO talk, because they wanted to mask what was going on.

Now, there's things going on right now.

There's a couple of different technologies in the military-industrial complexes all over the world. One is hypersonic weapons. Russia has gone all in on hypersonic weapons.

China, eh.

Secondary. The US. Eh. Secondary. That's kind of just odd to me. Why would we be like, eh. And kind of look at Russia as they kind of go all out. News today, that the United States and NATO is expecting another hypersonic attack/tests from Russia, their Oreshnik missile, hypersonic missile, is going to be used in the next 24 to 48 hours. That's what they're expecting.

GLENN: It's good they're telling us in advance.

JASON: They're telling us, letting us know. But, again, why is this not such a big deal to us?

Why are we -- are we prioritizing some other tech?

Now, I start thinking about that. And I start thinking about this entire UFO phenomenon. You talk about the retro fitting. And reverse engineering.

GLENN: Reverse engineering.

JASON: It came out in that -- in that congressional hearing.

GLENN: It came out a couple of times. But in that congressional hearing where Shellenberger was there with so much credibility.

JASON: They talked about a program. The government program called the immaculate constellation. And they were very honed in on what they called reproduction vehicles. Which, the first thought in my mind was the back of granddad's '57 Chevy. That sounded like a reproduction vehicle.

GLENN: I don't think that's what they meant.

JASON: That's not what they meant.

GLENN: That this was immaculate.

JASON: Exactly right. Now I get the reason for the name. We're connecting dots like only you can.

GLENN: Oh, my gosh. They're not making 57 Chevies.
(laughter)
All right.

JASON: But so what they meant, actually meant by that was UFO craft, UPE craft, what they're hinting at, that they have either recovered or reserved. And tried to retrofit it. And tried to make it on their own. Reverse engineering.

And they even go so far as to say, these are actual government reports, that they said, they are observing hostile country off certain waters, that were doing a test of their reproduction vehicle.

Now, to me that sounds like China.

They talk about it in detail, how there was Naval assets.

They were watching to see. It looked like they were scanning, to see if it showed up on their radar. Then after the test, they dispersed and went away, and the vehicle went away.

Now, personally, I think there's huge talk about drone warfare. This is not happening in a New Jersey turnpike vacuum.

Three hours ago, there was a story from Reuters. Over the past couple of weeks. All of these random, what happened to be drones, were appearing over Ramstein Air Force Base in Germany. This is happening all over the place. And it's accelerated over the, what? Past two years? Two, three years. This is accelerating. This is not just a New Jersey turnpike phenomenon. This is everywhere. Now, all the attention is right there.

And to me it's very interesting. That after Russia is going all in on hypersonic weapons, and gone to fully using them on the battlefield, in a war that we're actively engaged in.

That now we're talking about this a whole lot more.

GLENN: But how does this not make us look pathetic? Because you wouldn't believe. I mean, if Russia did this.

And also, we cannot track it on our radar.
You would be like, oh, really? Ivan. You can't track it. Wow, I believe you.

I mean, you would have to do it over somebody else that would fool their tracking. Not ours.

Why would you -- I just think that makes us look weak.

Which makes a case, that, yes. The Biden administration is behind it. Because it makes us look weak.

JASON: Right. Remember then, if a lot of these disclosures are true and accurate -- and, again, I'm not saying that they're from outer space. It could be. But I'm not saying that. It could just be --

GLENN: I don't think they are.

JASON: Would you agree that we're on the verge of a technology explosion?

GLENN: Yes.

JASON: Quantum computing and everything. Wouldn't that seem like aliens?

GLENN: Yes. Remember what I said about the Hindenburg last hour. And the war of the worlds. They knew at the time.

The whole country was unsettled. Radio was about the age of the i Phone.

And -- I mean, as far as being masked.

And people were just unsettled. War was in the air.

They knew everything was about change. It was just in the air.

That's where we are.

I mean, that's what I said Zachary Levi.

He's like, Glenn, three years from now. By 2030, no one will recognize anything.

You won't recognize your job.

You won't recognize your life.

You won't -- you won't recognize anything by 2030.

He said, 2030, I think we've got two years.

And I said, maybe. Maybe four.

STU: Those aren't -- those lines aren't that far apart from each other.

It's already 2025. It feels -- 2030 feels like it's way out in the distance.

Really, not that far away.

GLENN: But remember when I said 2030.

STU: It felt like this.

GLENN: Everyone was saying 2050. 2050.

If we ever get there.

And I said, I'm telling you, it's 2030.

And now, others are saying, it's right around. Not just Zachary Levi.

Other people who actually know things. Unlike me. Are saying, it's some place very soon.

Could be next year. Soon. But it's here.

STU: On the quantum computing front.

There's that announcement from Google this week, on the Willow chip. They say that Google claims that Willow was able to complete one particular problem, in five minutes, while the same task would have taken today's supercomputers 10 septillion years to finish.

And septillion is -- that's a lot. Ten, then zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero.

GLENN: You could have just said the federal deficit.

STU: Yeah. That's, by the way, longer than the universe existed. Has existed. That's what they say.

So that -- our today's super computers, longer than the universe has existed, and it took the Google chip five minutes.

So you add AI to that.

You're not going to go to the library. And go, I want to do this quantum computing. That is going to be sold for the highest dollar.

You're going to have to bid on the time. You're going to have a really good reason.

And it's only going to be scientist studies. Governments. That have access to these things.

Oh, one more thing. AI will have that.

Now, what do you do when you introduce something, as we talked about last, what? Tuesday, Wednesday show.

When you have something that you -- you think is your friend, but it can think in five minutes, what -- what to you, would take longer than the history of the universe.

Not even you. The supercomputer of today. Longer than the time -- the entire universe has existed.

Yeah. We're going to be able to put that back into a bottle.

It's not going to outsmart us.

DUNCAN: Yeah. I think we are on the verge of a wildly transformative time, in military hardware.

GLENN: Yes.

JASON: And I think there is a lot of posturing, as far as what is about to get exposed and used accurately.

That's personally what I think is going on right now.

I don't think every single sighting that's happening everywhere.

It's probably hobbyists. If you listen to what John Kirby actually said.

He said that most of us or some of.

He didn't say all of everything that's being observed out there, is something that they can't explain.

The Globalist Elites' Dystopian Plan for YOUR Future | Glenn Beck Chalkboard Breakdown

There are competing visions for the future of America which are currently in totally different directions. If the globalist elites have their way, the United States will slide into a mass surveillance technocracy where freedoms are eroded and control is fully centralized. Glenn Beck heads to the chalkboard to break down exactly what their goal is and why we need to hold the line against these ominous forces.

Watch the FULL Episode HERE: Dark Future: Uncovering the Great Reset’s TERRIFYING Next Phase

Barack & Michelle tried to END divorce rumors. It DIDN'T go well

Former president Barack Obama recently joined his wife Michelle Obama and her brother on their podcast to finally put the divorce rumors to rest … but it didn’t exactly work. Glenn Beck and Pat Gray review the awkward footage, including a kiss that could compete for “most awkward TV kiss in history.”

Transcript

Below is a rush transcript that may contain errors

GLENN: Now, let me -- let me take you to some place. I think kind of entertaining.

Michelle Obama has a podcast. Who knew?

She does it with her brother. Who knew? It's -- you know, I mean, it's so -- it's a podcast with two brothers. Right?

And -- and it -- they wanted to address the rumors, that they're getting a divorce. And this thing seems so staged.

I want you to -- listen to this awkward exchange on the podcast.

Cut one please.

VOICE: Wait, you guys like each other.

MICHELLE: Oh, yeah. The rumor mill. It's my husband, y'all! Now, don't start.

OBAMA: It's good to be back. It was touch-and-go for a while.

VOICE: It's so nice to have you both in the same room today.

OBAMA: I know. I know.

MICHELLE: I know, because when we aren't, folks things we're divorced. There hasn't been one moment in our marriage, where I thought about quitting my man.

And we've had some really hard times. We've had a lot of fun times. A lot of adventures. And I have become a better person because of the man I'm married to.

VOICE: Okay. Don't make me cry.

PAT: Aw.

GLENN: I believed her. Now, this is just so hokey.

VOICE: And welcome to IMO.

MICHELLE: Get you all teared up. See, but this is why I can't -- see, you can take the hard stuff, but when I start talking about the sweet stuff, you're like, stop. No, I can't do it.

VOICE: I love it. I'm enjoying it.

MICHELLE: But thank you, honey, for being on our show. Thank you for making the time. We had a great --

VOICE: Of course, I've been listening.

PAT: What? No!

GLENN: They're not doing good. They're not doing good.

Okay. And then there was this at the beginning. And some people say, this was very awkward. Some people say, no. It was very nice.

When he walks in the room, he gives her a hug and a kiss. Watch.

Gives her a little peck on the cheek.

PAT: Uh-huh. Uh-huh.

GLENN: Does that --

PAT: Does that look like they're totally into each other?

GLENN: Well, I give my wife a peck on the cheek, if she walks into a room.

PAT: Do you? If you haven't seen her in months and it seems like they haven't, would you kiss her on the cheek? Probably not.

GLENN: No, that's a little different. That would be a little different. But I wouldn't make our first seeing of each other on television.

PAT: Yeah, right, that's true. That's true.

GLENN: But, you know, in listening to the staff talk about this. And they were like, it was a really uncomfortable -- okay.

Well, maybe.

PAT: I think it was a little uncomfortable.

GLENN: It was a little uncomfortable.

It's still, maybe. Maybe.

But I don't think that rivals -- and I can't decide which is the worst, most uncomfortable kiss.

Let me roll you back into the time machine, to Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley. Do you remember this kiss?
(applauding)

GLENN: He turns away, immediately away from the camera. Because he's like.

PAT: He was about to vomit. Yeah.

GLENN: It was so awkward. When that happened, all of us went, oh, my gosh. He has only kissed little boys. What are we doing? What is happening?

He doesn't like women, what is happening?

And then there's the other one that sticks out in my mind of -- and I'm not sure which is worse. The Lisa Marie or the Tipper in Al Gore.

VOICE: The kiss. The famous exchange during the 2000 democratic convention was to some lovely, to others icky.
(laughter)

GLENN: That's an ABC reporter. To some lovely, others icky.

And it really was. And it was -- I believe his global warming stuff more than that kiss.
(laughter)
And you know where I stand on global warming.

That was the most awkward kiss I think ever on television!

PAT: Yeah. It was pretty bad. Pretty bad.

GLENN: Yeah. Yeah.

So when people who are, you know -- these youngsters.

These days. They look at Barack and Michelle. They're like, that was an awkward kiss.

Don't even start with me.

We knew when we were kids, what awkward kisses were like.

PAT: The other awkward thing about that.

She claims, there was not been one moment in their marriage.

Where she's considered reeving him.

GLENN: Yeah.

PAT: She just said a while ago. A month or a year ago, she hated his guts for ten years. She hated it.

GLENN: Yeah. But that doesn't mean you'll give up.

PAT: I guess not. I guess not. Maybe you enjoy being miserable.

I don't know.

GLENN: No. I have to tell you the truth.

My grandmother when I got a divorce, just busted me up forever. I call her up, and I said, on my first marriage.

Grandma, we're getting a divorce.

And my sweet little 80-year-old grandmother, who never said a bad thing in her life said, excuse me?

And I said, what?

We're getting a divorce.

And she said, how dare you.

I said, what's happening. And she said, I really thought you would be the one that would understand. Out of everybody in this family, I thought you would understand.

And I said, what?

And she said, this just -- this just crushed me when she said it.

Do you think your grandfather and I liked each other all these years? I was like, well, yeah.

PAT: Wow.

GLENN: Kind of. And she said, we loved each other. But we didn't always like each other. And there were times that we were so mad at each other.

PAT: Yeah. Yeah. Uh-huh.

STU: But we knew one thing: Marriage lasts until death!

PAT: Did she know your first wife?

GLENN: Okay. All right. That's just not necessary.

No, Trump’s tariffs ARE NOT causing inflation

The media is insisting that President Trump's tariffs caused a rise in inflation for June. But Our Republic president Justin Haskins joins Glenn to debunk this theory and present another for where inflation is really coming from.

Transcript

Below is a rush transcript that may contain errors

GLENN: Justin Haskins is here. He is the president of Our Republic. And the editor-in-chief of stoppingsocialism.com.

He is also the coauthor with me at the Great Reset, Dark Future, and Propaganda War.

So, in other words, I'm saying, he doesn't have a lot of credibility. But he is here to report -- I don't even think you're -- you're -- you were wrong on this, too, with the tariffs. Right?

JUSTIN: Well, at some point, I was wrong about everything.

GLENN: Yeah, right. We are all on the road to being right.

But this is coming as a shock. You called yesterday, and you said, Glenn, I think the tariff thing -- I think the president might be right.

And this is something I told him, if I'm wrong. I will admit that I'm wrong.

But I don't think I'm wrong.

Because this goes against everything the economists have said, forever.

That tariffs don't work.

They increase inflation.

It's going to cost us more.

All of these things. You have been study this now for a while, to come up with the right answer, no matter where it fell.

Tell me what's going on.

JUSTIN: Okay. So the most recent inflation data that came out from the government, shows that in June, prices went up 2.7 percent. In May, they went up 2.4 percent. That's compared to a year prior. And most people are saying, well, this is proof that the tariffs are causing inflation.

GLENN: Wait. That inflation is -- the target is -- the target is two -- I'm sorry.

We're not. I mean, when I was saying, it was going to cause inflation. I thought we could be up to 5 percent.

But, anyway, go ahead.

JUSTIN: So the really incredible thing though. The more you look at the numbers. The more obvious it is, that this does not prove inflation at all.

For starters, these numbers are lower, than what the numbers were in December and January.

Before Trump was president. And before we had any talk of tariffs at all.

So that is a big red flag right at the very beginning. When you dive even deeper into the numbers, what you see is there's all kinds of parts of the Consumer Price Index that tracks specific industries, or kinds of goods and services. That should be showing inflation, if inflation is being caused by tariffs, but isn't.

So, for example, clothing and apparel. Ninety-seven percent, basically.

About 97 percent according to one report, of clothing and apparel comes overseas, imported into the United States.

GLENN: Correct.

JUSTIN: So prices for apparel and clothing should be going up. And they're not going up, according to the data, they're actually going down, compared to what they were a year ago. Same thing is true with new vehicles.

Obviously, there were huge tariffs put on foreign vehicles, not on domestic vehicles. So it's a little bit more mixed.

But new vehicle price are his staying basically flat. They haven't gone up at all. Even though, there's a 25 percent tariff on imported cars and car parts. And then we just look at the overall import prices. You just -- sort of the index. Which the government tracks.

What we're seeing is that prices are basically staying the same, from what they were a year ago.

There's very, very little movement overall.

GLENN: Okay. So wait. Wait. Wait. Wait.

Wait.

Let me just -- let me just make something career.

Somebody is eating the tariffs. And it appears to be the companies that are making these things. Which is what Donald Trump said. And then, the -- you know, the economist always saying, well, they're just going to pass this on in the price.

Well, they have to. They have to get this money some place.

So where are they?

Is it possible they're just doing this right now, to get past. Because they know if they jack up their price, you know, they won't be able to sell anything. What is happening?

How is this money, being coughed up by the companies, and not passed on to the consumer.

JUSTIN: Yeah, it could be happening. I think the most likely scenario, is that they are passing it along to consumers. They're just not passing it along to American consumers.

In other words, they're raising prices elsewhere. To try to protect the competitiveness with the American market. Because the American market is the most important consumer market in the world.

And they probably don't want to piss off Donald Trump either, in jacking up prices. And then potentially having tariffs go up even more, as a punishment for doing that.

Because that's a real option.

And so I think that's what's happening right now.

Now, it's possible, that we are going to see a huge increase in inflation. In six months!

That's entirely possible.

We don't know what's going to happen. But as of right now, all the data is suggesting that recent inflation is not coming from consumer goods being imported, or anything like that.

That's not where the inflation is coming.

Instead, it's coming from housing.

That's part of the CPI at that time.

Housing is the cause of inflation right now.

GLENN: Wait. Wait. It's not housing, is it?

Because the things to make houses is not going through the roof. Pardon the pun. Right?

It's not building.

JUSTIN: No. No. The way the CPI calculates housing is really stupid. They look basically primarily at rent. That's the primary way, they determine housing prices.

GLENN: Okay.

JUSTIN: That so on they're not talking about housing costs to build a new house.

Or housing prices to buy a new house.

They are talking about rent.

And then they try to use rent data, as a way of calculating how much you would have to pay if you owned a house, but you had to rent the same kind of house.

And that's how they come up with this category.

GLENN: Can I ask you a question: Is everybody in Washington, are they all retarded?
(laughter)
Because I don't. What the hell. Who is coming up with that formula?

JUSTIN: Look. I mean, sort of underlying this whole conversation, as you -- as you and I know, Glenn.

And Pat too. The CPI is a joke to begin with.

GLENN: Right.

JUSTIN: So there's all kinds of problems with this system, to begin with.

I mean, come on!

GLENN: Okay. So because I promised the president, if I was wrong, and I had the data that I was wrong, I would tell him.

Do I have to -- out of all the days to do this.

Do I have to call him today, to do that?

Are we still -- are we still looking at this, going, well, maybe?

JUSTIN: I think there's -- I think there is a really solid argument that you don't need to make the phone call.

GLENN: Oh, thank God. Today is not the day to call Donald Trump. Today is not the day.

Yeah. All right.

JUSTIN: And the reason why is, we need -- we probably do need more data over a longer period of time, to see if corporations are doing something.

In order to try to push these cuts off into the future, for some reason. Maybe in the hopes that the tariffs go down. Or maybe -- you know, it's all sorts of ways, they could play with it, to try to avoid paying those costs today.

It's possible, that's what's going on.

But as of right now, that's not at all, what is happening. As far as I can tell from the data.

GLENN: But isn't the other side of this, because everybody else said, oh. It's not going to pay for anything.

Didn't we last month have the first surplus since, I don't know. Abraham Lincoln.

JUSTIN: Yes. Yes. We did. I don't know how long that surplus will last us.

GLENN: Yeah. But we had one month.

I don't think I've ever heard that before in my lifetime. Hey, United States had a surplus.

JUSTIN: I looked it up.

I think it was like 20 something years ago, was the last time that happened. If I remembered right.

It was 20 something years ago.

So this is incredible, really.

And if it works.

You and I talked about this before.

I actually think there is an argument to be made. That this whole strategy could work, if American manufacturers can dramatically bring down their costs. To produce goods and services.

So that they can be competitive.

And I think that advancements in artificial intelligence. In automation. Is going to open up the door to that being a reality.

And if you listen to the Trump administration talk. People like Howard Lutnick, Secretary of Commerce. They have said, this is the plan.

The plan is, go all in on artificial intelligence.

Automation. That's going to make us competitive with manufacturers overseas. China is already doing that.

They're already automating their factories. They lead the world in automation.

GLENN: Yeah, but they can take half their population, put them up in a plane, and then crash it into the side of the mountain.

They don't care.

What happens to the people that now don't have a job here? How do they afford the clothes that are now much, much cheaper?

JUSTIN: Well, I think the answer to that is, there's going to be significantly more wealth. Trillions of dollars that we send overseas, every year, now in the American economy. And that's going to go into other things. It's not as though -- when this technology comes along, it is not as though people lose their jobs, and that's it. People sit on their couch forever.

The real danger here is not that new markets will not arrive in that situation. And jobs with it. The problem is: I think there's a real opportunity here. And I think this is going to be the fight of the next election, potentially. Presidential election. And going forward.

Next, ten, 20 years. This is going to be a huge issue. Democrats are going to have the opportunity, when the AI revolution goes into full force. They will have the opportunity like they've never had before.

To say, you know what, we'll take care of you. Don't worry about it.

We're just going to take all of the corporate money and all of the rich people's money.

And we will print trillions of dollars more. And you can sit on your couch forever. And we will just pay you. Because this whole system is rigged, and it's unfair, and you don't have a job anymore because of AI. And there's nothing you can do. You can't compete with AI. AI is smarter than you.

You have no hope.

I think that's coming, and it is going to be really hard for free market people to fight back against that.

GLENN: Yes.

Well, I tend to agree with you.

Because the -- you know, I thought about this.

I war gamed this, probably in 2006.

I'm thinking, okay.

If -- if the tech is going to grow and grow and grow. And they will start being -- they will be responsible for taking the jobs.

They won't be real on popular.

So they will need some people that will allow them to stay in business, and to protect them.

So they're going to need to be in with the politicians.

And if the politicians are overseeing the -- the decrease of jobs, they're going to need the -- the PR arm of things like social media. And what it can be done.

What can be done now.

I was thinking, at the time. Google can do.

But they need each other.

They must have one another. And unless we have a stronger foundation, and a very clear direction, and I will tell you. The president disagrees with me on this.

I said, he's going to be remembered as the transformational AI president.

And he said, I think you're wrong on that.

And I don't think I am.

This -- this -- this time period is going to be remembered for transformation.

And he is transforming the world. But the one that will make the lasting difference will be power and AI.

Agree with that or disagree?

JUSTIN: 1,000 percent. 1,000 percent. This is by far the most important thing that is happening in his administration in the long run. You're projecting out ten, 20, 30 years ago years.

They will be talking about this moment in history, a thousand years from now. Like, that will -- and they will -- and if America becomes the epicenter of this new technology, they will be talking about it, a thousand years from now, about how Americans were the ones that really developed this.

That they're the ones that promoted it, that they're the ones that does took advantage of it.
That's why this AI race with China is so important that we win it.

It's one of the reasons why. And I do think it's a defining moment for his presidency. Of course, the problem with all of this is AI could kill us all. You have to weigh that in.

GLENN: Yeah. Right. Right.

Well, we hope you're wrong on that one.

And I'm wrong on it as well. Justin, thank you so much.

Thank you for giving me the out, where I don't have to call him today. But I might have to call him soon. Thanks, Justin. I appreciate it.

The ONLY Trump/Epstein Files Theories That Make Sense | Glenn TV | Ep 445

Is the case closed on Jeffrey Epstein and Russiagate? Maybe not. Glenn Beck pulls the thread on the story and its far-reaching implications that could expose a web of scandals and lead to a complete implosion of trust. Glenn lays out five theories that could explain Trump’s frustration over the Epstein files and why Glenn may never talk about the Epstein case again. Plus, Glenn connects the dots between the Russiagate hoax, the Hunter Biden laptop cover-up, and the Steele dossier related to the FBI’s new “grand conspiracy” probe. It all leads to one James Bond-like villain: former CIA Director John Brennan. Then, Bryan Dean Wright, former CIA operations officer, tells Glenn why he believes his former boss Brennan belongs in prison and what must happen to prevent a full-blown trust implosion in American institutions.